Con motivo del jubileo por el aniversario 500 de la fundación de la villa de San Cristóbal de La Habana y gracias a los ingentes esfuerzos del historiador de la ciudad, Dr. Eusebio Leal Spengler, y a las autoridades eclesiásticas fue reparado el campanario de la catedral habanera, que recibió un mantenimiento capital. Sus soportes fueron sustituidos por otros, esta vez de madera de Jiquí. Las ocho maravillosas campanas fueron bajadas y restauradas por un equipo de especialistas que aplicó a cada una el tratamiento particular requerido.
La S.M.I. Catedral de La Habana, a diferencia de otras iglesias, capillas y templos que, por lo general, poseen una sola campana, tiene en su haber ocho de estas geniales obras fundidas en bronce. Las historias y procedencias de cada una son muy disímiles.
La más antigua de todas es Nuestra Señora de la Caridad y Remedio, fue fundida el 22 de agosto de 1343, según aparece inscrito en su cuerpo, y pesa dos toneladas.1 Desde el trinquete de madera y guano de la humilde ermita construida por los padres jesuitas en la plazuela de la ciénaga, hasta el robusto campanario de la Catedral de hoy, ha soportado ataques de piratas y corsarios junto a varios avatares climatológicos.
Se supone que tomó su nombre por ser construida en Nuestra Señora de la Caridad de los Remedios, España. Según cuenta Ciro Bianchi,2 se piensa que llegó por el puerto de Santiago de Cuba “en fecha aún por precisar”. Posteriormente, se trasladó a La Habana en 1519 y se emplazó en el templo que se convertiría en Parroquial Mayor, erigido en el espacio que ocupó después el Palacio de los Capitanes Generales. Para 1538 el trinquete que la sostenía fue incendiado durante un ataque pirata y la campana cayó. Lo mismo ocurrió en 1741, por la explosión del navío Invencible en el puerto de La Habana. En 1762 los ingleses reclamaron la campana al entonces obispo Pedro Agustín Morell de Santa Cruz, como parte del pago de su rescate, a lo cual respondió el prelado: “Mi vida vale muy poca cosa, pero si tuviera algún valor es bueno que ustedes sepan que esa campana vale más que mil vidas como la mía”.3
Otra de las campanas lleva por nombre San Cristóbal, data del 1644 y pesa una tonelada. San Miguel por su parte, lleva la firma del fundidor: “D. V. M. Eleverenter. P.S.A. L. M 72”, pesa 165 arrobas y se fundió en 1690, según su inscripción. El Divino Corazón de Jesús y la Madre Santísima de la Luz de 1756 tiene dos toneladas. San Pedro, de 1762, resulta la más pesada con cuatro toneladas. De 1778 es San José con solo 700 kg. Madiate, fundida en 1844, pesa una tonelada. Y para completar las ocho, la famosa campana del ingenio Maynicú, cedida a la Catedral como una reliquia histórica por el propietario de esa fábrica de azúcar, don Pedro lznaga. Según se dice es una de las campanas más antiguas llegadas a Cuba. Pero, ¿cómo llegaron las campanas a las iglesias cristianas?
Las campanas en la iglesia
Es importante decir que las campanas son mucho más antiguas que la iglesia cristiana. Como tantas cosas, su invento surgió en China. Para los tiempos del Imperio Romano, las campanas ya se habían expandido por Asia y Europa. La Iglesia católica, sin embargo, tardó unos siglos en adoptarlas.
El popularizador de estas grandes piezas, según cuenta la tradición, fue un político romano nacido en Burdeos a mediados del siglo iv. Pontius Meropius Anicios Paulinus fue poeta, senador, cónsul, presbítero y gobernador de Campania, en el sur de Italia. Paulinus era un hombre muy sabio y respetado.
Cuando en el año 383 de nuestra era, el jefe de Paulinus y emperador de Roma, Flavius Gracianus Augustus fue asesinado en Lyon, este decidió volver a su ciudad natal. Allí conocería a Tharasia, una cristiana noble de Barcelona, quien procuró su conversión, bautismo y años después su nombramiento como presbítero.
Viviendo Paulinus en Nola (410 d. C.), Campania, construyó una nueva iglesia dedicada a san Félix, un mártir local. El templo quedaba en las afueras, por lo que la población no escuchaba sus gritos cuando llamaba a la oración. En aquel entonces lo que se usaba era una placa metálica, el semantrón, al que se golpeaba con un palo. Para resolver este dilema, el futuro santo sacó de algún lugar desconocido una pequeña campana y comenzó a utilizarla para llamar a misa y obtener la atención de los feligreses. Poco después añadió una de mayor tamaño, y sus seguidores aprendieron pronto a guiarse por ella.
El uso de las campanas se extendió rápidamente. Hacia el siglo v fueron populares en los numerosos monasterios que se abrieron por toda Europa. Las técnicas de fundición mejoraron, y de las pequeñas campanas que utilizaba Paulinus, se pasó a las grandes campanas y a los campanarios; estos últimos se convirtieron en uno de los elementos arquitectónicos más importantes de las iglesias.
Distintos toques de campana
La tradición de repicar las campanas es una realidad casi extinguida en muchísimos poblados de nuestro país. En algunos de ellos tenía especiales particularidades en dependencia del sacerdote, el campanero y la costumbre local. Pero, ¿por qué tocan las campanas?
Existen múltiples toques de campana, recordemos los más comunes.
Toque a rebato: resulta un sonido que asusta y alerta, pues las campanas son tocadas a la vez y de forma muy rápida; significa alerta ante algún peligro y así se avisaba a la gente para que acudiera a socorrer y ayudar ante algún incendio o problema.
Toque de fiesta: es alegre, pues las campanas tocan “a vuelo”, se dejan voltear y volar para mostrar que estamos ante un día grande; solía realizarse al llegar la Virgen o el santo en una procesión o en una fecha señalada como el Domingo de Resurrección.
Toque de difuntos: es el menos querido y el que nadie en el pueblo quería escuchar, un toque lento y sobrecogedor, por eso quizá sea el más reconocido. “Hay muerto” se solía decir nada más escucharlo. Se avisa así a la población del fallecimiento de algún vecino; de modo particular se acostumbraba a finalizar con dos toques separados si el fallecimiento era de un hombre, y con uno solo si se trataba de una mujer.
Toque de gloria: al igual que el de fiesta es alegre; indica que ocurre algo especial, la llegada del obispo, un nuevo Papa o algún acontecimiento de relevancia.
El toque de campanas no se resume en estos cuatro, es un lenguaje rico y universal. Existe un toque para el Ángelus, otros para maitines, laúdes, hora intermedia, vísperas, completas, para el rezo del rosario, para la misa diaria, para la misa de domingo, para orientar en la noche, en la niebla o en nevadas, el de procesión, por solo mencionar algunos.
Lamentablemente, esta tradición y cultura ancestral de la iglesia parece destinada a perderse. Son ahora estos sonidos una amalgama de recuerdo y tradición que nuestros abuelos, en sus años mozos, conocían de memoria. En la actualidad, si se escuchan, resultan un enigma que difícilmente interpretamos y que las próximas generaciones, me atrevería a decir, no recordarán.
Por otra parte, las campanas también tienen una relevancia espiritual que no es muy conocida. Es costumbre que cuando se presenta una campana nueva en una iglesia, sea “bautizada” o “consagrada” por el obispo o párroco. Antiguamente las ceremonias imitaban la del bautismo y en la actualidad siguen requiriendo el uso de agua bendita. Las campanas también reciben su nombre en honor de un santo patrón particular, la persona que la fundió o se dedican a la Santísima Virgen María.
El Ritual romano contiene una bendición muy solemne de campanas de iglesia y habla del simbolismo espiritual y el poder sacramental que estas campanas poseen.
“Y al igual que una vez el trueno en el aire ahuyentó una horda de enemigos, cuando Samuel sacrificaba un cordero lactante como holocausto al Rey eterno, así cuando el repique de esta campana resuene en las nubes traiga una legión de ángeles que vigile la asamblea de tu Iglesia, los primeros frutos de los fieles y aspiren a tu protección eterna en su cuerpo y espíritu”.4
Agradezcamos y disfrutemos entonces del maravilloso campanario que hoy nos regala nuestra Catedral de La Habana. Respetémoslo y acudamos al repicar sus campanas. Recemos y confiemos por las bendiciones que este año jubilar nos regalará. Y junto con nuestro patrono san Cristóbal, caminemos unidos en la fe. Ω
Notas
1 Todas las campanas tienen inscrito en su cuerpo el nombre y la fecha de fundición. En cuanto al peso, solo la de San Miguel (1690) lo tiene (165 a), la otras no, el dato que damos lo calculamos de modo aproximado a partir de la grúa que ahora izó las campanas.
2 Sobre el tema puede consultarse Ciro Bianchi: “Al paso”, Juventud Rebelde, 29 de septiembre de 2018. En Internet: http://www.juventudrebelde.cu/suplementos/el-tintero/lectura/al-paso.html, consultado el 20 de noviembre de 2018.
3 Ibídem.
4 Véase Ritual romano. En Internet: http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/resources/books-1962/rituale-romanum/53-blessings-of-things-designated-for-sacred-purposes.html, consultado el 20 de noviembre de 2018.
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