{"id":10120,"date":"2018-11-21T13:23:38","date_gmt":"2018-11-21T17:23:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.palabranueva.net\/patristica-mariana-oriental-siglos-viii-ix\/"},"modified":"2021-02-10T16:18:32","modified_gmt":"2021-02-10T20:18:32","slug":"patristica-mariana-oriental-siglos-viii-ix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.palabranueva.net\/en\/patristica-mariana-oriental-siglos-viii-ix\/","title":{"rendered":"Writings about Mary on the Fathers of the Church"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Mar\u00eda\"<\/em>I. End of Greek patristics: 8th century
\nThe end of patristics in the East can be considered at the end of the 8th century. In this century we have four great Eastern parents who have left us homilies and other Marian writings: Juan de Euboea, Germ\u00e1n de Constantinople, Andr\u00e9s de Crete and Juan Damasceno.
\nJohn of Euboea was a monk and bishop. Around 730 he wrote a homily on the Conception of the Virgin, in relation to a liturgical feast held on 8 September. Mary’s Nativity was celebrated in Jerusalem from the 5th century. In the 6th century, the feast was introduced by Justinian in Byzantium, was indistinctly called “Conception” or “Birth” of Mary and was celebrated at the beginning of the Byzantine calendar that concluded on August 29 with the slitting of St. John the Baptist. (This feast on 8 September will be the basis for fixing the Immaculate Conception on 8 December). This author cared about Mary’s biological origin and claimed that there was a special intervention of God in her soul and body. He praises his original holiness and purity, but does not speak of absence or exemption from original sin.
\nGerm\u00e1n de Constantinople was born around 635 and died in 733. Of noble origin, for family reasons he was forced to take the clerical state; he was a great figure of Hagia Sophia. In 715 he was appointed patriarch of Constantinople. He was a great defender of icons against iconoclasts, especially in the time of Leo III, the Isaurium (730), who forbade the worship of images, dismissed Germ\u00e1n and exiled him. He wrote many works with great erudition: treatises, letters, homilies, and liturgical hymns. From a Marian point of view, his homilies are very important. It is quoted in the Bulas of Pius IX and Pius XII and in the Constitution Lumen Gentium of the Second Vatican Council (n. 53: 59, 60). We can consider it the apex of Eastern mariology and compare it by its devotion to Mary, to St Bernard. He often speaks of “Marian slavery” and considered himself a servant of his.
\nHe bases his Marian doctrine on Sacred Scripture and apocryphals who do not contradict Scripture. The most recurring themes are divine motherhood, perpetual virginity and assumption to heaven. Apply to Mary the titles of Mother of God, Always Virgin and All Saints (Greek: Theotokos, Aeiparthenos and Panagh\u00eda). It shows to her great admiration for her faith, love, humility, obedience, virtue and holiness.
\nThe Feast of the Assumption is accepted by all the people and he says that Mary ascended to heaven in body and soul, because her body is a glass containing God (Theophoron sarx). It was not only convenient, but a filial duty for Christ to take with him his Mother. Other reasons come from his holiness, so he could not suffer corruption. Finally, she says she is intercessor, safe harbor, sky scale and help from sinners. Germ\u00e1n thinks that Mary died because it is inevitable for human nature and a constituent fact of our being. Christ also died and Mary participates in everything from the mystery of Christ, except that she is a creature. She is a mediator and that is why the faithful turn to her to obtain salvation. In this sense, we can consider it a precursor to Mary’s “spiritual motherhood”, although she does not develop the subject or give her the title.
\nAndrew of Crete was born around 660 and died in 740. Around 710 he was deacon of Jerusalem and Bishop Metropolis of Crete. He suffered the vicissitudes of the iconoclasts. He composed Marian hymns and homilies on the Conception, the Nativity, the Assumption, the Presentation, the Annunciation, etc. As a pastor, he founded works of charity, cared about the education of youth, and promoted monastic life. He is recognized as a great preacher, similar to Germ\u00e1n of Constantinople and John Chrysostome.
\nIn her Marian doctrine she considers Mary prefi-gurada in the Old Testament, together with her Son in salvation. It emphasizes its holiness and its perfect and perpetual virginity with a very clear Christological and soteriological perspective. Her mariology is based on Mary’s holiness, assumption and royalty.
\nAndrew claims that Mary was born unspotted, not contaminated by any sin. He speaks not of original sin but of moral stain in a personal sense. He speaks of deliverance, not preservation of sin.1 He says that Mary was liberated, as the firstfruit of redemption, without saying how this liberation happened. As a spiritual theologian he venerates the mystery from silence, which is typical of apathopathic, contemplative and mystical theology.
\nIn Mary every shadow of personal sin is excluded from birth. In his nativity his holiness is already celebrated. Andr\u00e9s parangona a Mar\u00eda with the “virgin land of Eden” that she produces without being sown or cultivated. She gives life to the new Adam without a seed of a man. Salvation (the incarnation) would be a return to origins, so Mary is perfectly holy, full of grace.
\nHe also claims that Mary died because she should resemble her Son, but not as punishment because of sin. With his death he illuminates our death. She suffered death, but was not subjugated by it, but suffered it as a step (transit); as an “ecstasy” stead than an “agony” to come with his Son and achieve eternity. He obeyed natural laws without being subject to sin. After his death, his body did not remain in the tomb or suffer corruption, but was taken to heaven. The important thing is that Christ died and was resurrected. Mary is part of this mystery. This is how Andrew explains the Feast of Dormition or Assumption (Koimesis).
\nFinally, in her homilies we often find the title of “Queen” attributed to Mary (Salt 44:9). This royalty is accompanied by maternal mediation, always subordinate to the mediation of the Son, since she is of our race, but becomes the Mother of God.
\nJuan Damasceno was born in Damascus around 675, to a Christian family, but of Arab origin. He was a monk at the Monastery of St. Sabas in Jerusalem. He is the last great Eastern father to influence the theology of both east and west. It was a bridge between Eastern and Western culture. He distinguished himself by his arduous defense of sacred images (726). He taught, preached, and wrote on all topics of theology. Among his works are The Source of Knowledge, Three Discourses on icons, Libel of righteous doctrine, On the Holy Trinity.
\nFrom a Marian point of view, we retain a homily for the feast of the Nativity and three for the Dormition. He also composed numerous Marian hymns. In his Treaty of the Orthodox Faith he refers to the Marian issues of his time. He gave Mary the title of “Lady” and was the first to speak of “consecration to Mary”. It is quoted by Pius XII in the bull Munificentissimus Deus, in Chapter VIII of the Constitution Lumen Gentium, of the Second Vatican Council and in the Apostolic Exhortation Redemptoris Mater of John Paul II. It emphasizes in Mary her fulness of grace, her holiness, her corporeal assumption to heaven.
\nHe presents Mary as a sublime and graceful creature from birth. She freely uses the apocryphals who see in Mary’s conception a miracle in the face of Anne’s infertility. Call Mary “Jacob’s scale” from which the redeemer descended. Take texts from prophecies and the Old Testament to verify the announcements that occur and are made in the New Testament. In Mary she sees “the tabernacle”, “the tent”, “the ark”, “the temple”. It is with God, it is a reflection of his Sweetness and His Beauty. She’s a mediator of salvation.
\nIn the homilies about the Dormition he explains the truth of Mary’s corporeal assumption, peacefully admitting the fact of her death. Mary died the same as Christ and also participated in his glorification: when she died she found the source of eternal life. “The body of one who was an immaculate virgin was buried, but it was not corrupted because it was a matter for heaven. There Mary intercedes for all of us.”<\/p>\n

II. The Iconoclastic Crisis
\nThe twentieth century is of great heyday for the orien-tal patristic, but the iconoclastic controversy also arose (725-843). It is a topical topic because of the rise that “icons” have today.
\nFor orientals, icons are sacred-mental signs, symbols that act. They are painted according to strict rules of tradition: no perspective, no movement, no shadows. There are icons of Christ, Mary, and saints. They are as revered as the Word of God, because they are considered an expression of the mysteries of the Christian faith. Mary’s icons are very important for Byzantine and Greek iconography. In order of importance, after the icons of Jesus are those of Mary.
\nChristian iconography emerged as early as the 3rd century, but it always had some detractors. It is a problem in which several factors converge: unresolved Christological issues (iv and v century), theological, cultural and political reasons.
\nCulturally, Greek-speaking Christians liked sculpture, but in the early Christian centuries that was a symbol of paganism, so statues and three-dimensional art were condemned, in favor of two-dimensional painting.
\nThe Christians of Syria and Armenia (easternmost part of the empire), were contrary to all kinds of images by their culture and by monophysit influence that eliminated the human nature of Christ.
\nAt the religious and ideological level, there is a confrontation between Byzantine Christianity and Islam. The emperor and caliph were political-religious chiefs. The emperor chooses to be more spiritual and monotheistic than the caliph himself and tries to eliminate all kinds of images that evoke god’s presence. In turn, Gnostics accuse those who venerate icons of idolatry and materialism because they regarded the incarnation of Christ as an aberration of fools.
\nThe neoplatonic and originist Greek influence maintained the “monist” and “spiritualist” philosophy that disqualified everything material. In this sense, they did not admit images of Christ because he was glorified and could only be contemplated with mind and spirit.
\nIn 717 Emperor Leo III, the Isaurium, a general who defeated syrians and Arabs, ascended to the throne. He laid the groundwork against the images and in 730 published an edict prohibiting the worship of the images, but some bishops opposed them. He sought the support of the Roman popes (Gregory II and III), but they did not give it to him, but condemned him. This is how division and internal struggle arise. Iconoclasts were monophysitas and iconophiles were Chalceonians.
\nTo Leo III, the Isaurium was succeeded by his son Constantine V, Copronicus, who continued with iconoclastic politics. He gathered a council in 754, where parents approved of practical provisions, but not theological motivations. There was dissent and other councils gathered in Jerusalem and Rome (Stephen III). The emperor then opts for repression and persecution of monks.
\nLeo IV, son of the Copronicus, and his mother Irene were more benevolent to the iconophiles. The Council of Nicea II (758) met with Irene’s favor. This ecumenical council is also attended by parents of Rome and the value of the images is proclaimed. The distinction is made between latry worship (God only) and the cult of images and relics (also called proskynesis: worshipping or praying on your knees).
\nLeo V was an iconoclast, but found strong opposition in Patriarch Nic\u00e9phorus I, who was exiled, as was his predecessor Germ\u00e1n, by Leo III.
\nFinally, the Empire of the East was diminishing and Emperor Theodora, antioquena-prone (two natures in Christ) restored the cult of images and proclaimed the “triumph of orthodoxy” in 843.<\/p>\n

After the victory of orthodoxy, the docu-ments and writings of the heretics were burned. We only have indirect testimonies from iconophiles or friends of the images. Apparently, the patristic sources of the iconoclasts were Eusebio of Caesarea and Epiphany of Salamina. They also resorted to biblical texts from the Old Testament.
\nHis arguments were as follows: if the images and icons represent only the humanity of Christ, that is nestorianism (which denied the union of natures in Christ); if they want to represent both humanity and divinity, they overshadow and materialize divinity; if icons represent divinity and humanity united, that would be monophysism (which denied human nature).
\nHowever, these arguments do not make sense after the Council of Chalcedon (451), where the dual nature of Christ was clarified without division and confusion. Iconoclasts considered images identical to the prototype; therefore inadequate, since they cannot truly represent reality.
\nEgeria has a testimony of the veneration of the images, when he talks about a letter in Sirian and an icon that was given to him on his journey to the Holy Land.
\nThe Council of Trullo gave legitimacy to the images of Christ. By 730, Germ\u00e1n de Constantinople, in front of the edict of Leo III, had taken sides in favor of the images. They claim that the person depicted is venerated in the icons and not the nature, matter or painted figure. The Council of Nicea II (758) distinguishes between the cult of latry and dul\u00eda and hyperdul\u00eda.
\nGerm\u00e1n wrote three letters to the Bishops of the East to explain and defend the cult of images. Andrew of Crete left a brief treatise on the veneration of icons and gives examples of akirograph images (not painted by human hand).2
\nFrom the twentieth century onwards, the veneration of images is a practice and tradition in the Church. Juan Damasceno defended the images based on the incarnation of Christ. He says that the veneration of icons implies humility and submission.
\nThe desliteration not only by bending or kneeling outwardly (proskynesis), but as an attitude of inner submission. Absolute worship is addressed only to God: praise, request, thanksgiving, repentance.3 Relative worship also yields to God, but through the people who are close to him (Mary, the saints) or the things and places that are in relation to him (relics, the cross, Nazareth, Bethlehem, Golgotha, Sacred Scripture, chalice, altar , the patena, the icons).
\nVeneration and devotion are given even to the people we love and respect: parents, friends, family, authorities, teachers, benefactors. Therefore, it makes sense to venerate images (paintings or sculptures), always in relation to Christ (Incarnate Word) which is the visible image of God invisible, the Word made flesh.<\/p>\n

III. Other Marian authors
\nEastern tradition in the ninth century
\nAt the end of the iconoclast controversies (843), there is a great desire for culture, especially among monks. This period of cultural rebirth in the East coincides with Carolingian reform in the West. Some important authors of the Eastern Church in the ninth century are Theodore Estudita, Theophanes, Epiphany, Nicetas, Focio, Leo VI, Euthymius, John the Geometra, Focio and Simeon Metaphraste.
\nTeodoro Estudita was born in Constantinople to a courtesan family. His father was the emperor’s civil servant. He favored iconodulia, was an advocate for the images. At the age of twenty-two he went to the monastery of Sacudi and at thirty-five was appointed ig\u00fameno or prior. He was a great innovator of monastic life. He wrote a Rule, hymns, Marian antiphons, and ascatic works. Exiled, he died outside his land. It was influenced by Basil and Pacomio in cenobitic life.
\nHe defended the images of Christ and Mary to be consistent with the incarnation of the Word, for the humanity of Christ is not appearance (gnostic twelvethism). The person of Christ cannot be separated from his image or his name. (Whoever desecrates the name or image of someone is attacking the person.) We venerate the reality that is represented to us, not the nature or color of the painting.<\/p>\n

Mary was a privileged witness of the Incarnation and that is why she can also be represented. She is holy because she is Mother of Christ. It makes the parallel Eva-Maria. Marian devotion implies submission, love, and reverential fear.4
\nFocio was born around 810 and was a great personality of the political, social, cultural and religious life of Byzantium. He’s the father of Byzantine humanism. He was a great scholar and scholar. In 858 he became patriarch of Constantinople. He wrote letters, homilies, royalties, and many other writings.5
\nFocio recounts the spiritual beauty of Mary whom she considers a living temple. She had no fault or flaw in her faith. As a good scholar, he gathers many testimonies about his holiness and virginity. See in The Annunciation6 God’s depositions with humanity through Mary. She is a divine thalamus of God’s nuptials with men. He also considers her Wife and Consort of the Word, Mother of the Church (of the faithful), because from the side of Christ the Church is born. Focio also preaches Marian mediation and intercession: it is refuge and protection.
\nSimeon Metaphraste was born in Constantinople in the early twentieth century. He died around 1,000. He was in the service of the empire, but became a monk at the end of his life. He has left several works, among which stands out the Menologio (biographies of the saints). About Mary he wrote a Life and some speeches.
\nLife was composed for the Feast of Dormition as praise, without historical eagerness, and is based on texts by the parents: Gregorio Niseno, Athanasius, Dionysus. His narration is confirmed by evangelical texts and he tries not to contradict Scripture at all. She exposes episodes of Mary’s childhood, the birth of Jesus and her life.
\nMary, with the Son, even at the Last Supper, in the Passion, next to the Cross and outside the tomb, also presents her as the first witness of the Resurrection. In the Dormition he refers to the apocryphals. His body was taken to a tomb in Gethsemane, but three days later, the tomb was empty and only his garments remained, taken to Constantinople, to the sanctuary of the Blaquerne. \u03a9<\/p>\n

Notes
\n1 In Western theology, the original sin is regarded as the personal sin of Adam in whom we all sin. In the East, original sin is an inherited misfortune along with corruption, passions, and death.
\n2 Among the akirographer icons are the Face of Christ given by Judas Tadeo to King Abgar of Edesa; the “Mandilion” of the Veronica; the Madonna of Godpolis (Palestine) which was miraculously painted after her death on Mount Zion; the images of Mary painted by Luke, one of which is venerated, according to tradition in Santa Maria Maggiore.
\n3 The son that loveth the Father and the Lord repents: he fears to offend him when he thinks of the Father; he is afraid when he thinks of himself, what is lost in good or punishment.
\n4 Between fear and hope, the Christian life advances. Fear is altruistic because it looks at the other and looks at God. Fear is self-centered because it looks at oneself and punishment (it is typical of the child and the slave). Trust, abandonment and love arise from our divine affiliation.
\n5 Cf. Migne: Patrologia Graeca, volumes 101-104.
\n6 The Byzantine calendar begins on 8 September and ends on 29 August.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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