Una pista importante para sumergirse en la Sagrada Escritura y comprender la cultura que subyace en el texto, es conocer las tradiciones que configuraron la singularidad de Israel como pueblo, entre las naciones que le rodeaban. La mayoría de estas tradiciones tuvieron su génesis en el Pentateuco, especialmente, en el libro del Levítico de los capítulos once al quince. Y que luego se conocieron como la ley de pureza legal, cuya observancia de manera estricta se erigió en la expresión de la voluntad de Dios para su pueblo.
Hacia el año 220 d. C, un rabino llamado Yehudá, recopiló en la Misná un conjunto de esas tradiciones orales de la Ley, que fueron una de las fuentes de las que se nutrió uno de los libros más importantes del judaísmo rabínico: el Talmud. Se afirma que la mayoría de estas prescripciones ya estaban vigentes en el siglo i d. C, por lo que deducimos que tanto Jesús como los primeros cristianos las observarían cotidianamente, como cualquier otro judío.
La ley de pureza se expresaba en cinco grados distintos. En primer lugar, un judío debía alejarse de animales o personas muertas y/o enfermas. Así, quien hubiera tocado un cadáver o huesos o tierra de algún sepulcro habría perdido su pureza (Núm. 19.11,13,16; Lc 10.30-36). Entre las enfermedades contaminantes y causantes de impureza legal estaban la lepra, la ceguera y la cojera (Lev 13.8,20,25,51; 21.18). Preparar alimentos con agua donde hubiera muerto un mosquito u otro insecto hacía inservible hasta la vasija, que debía destruirse inmediatamente (Lev 11.33-34; 15.12).
En segundo lugar, los flujos sexuales del varón (Lev 15.17,32-33) o la menstruación de la mujer (Lev 15.19,26) eran causantes de impureza. Así, después de una relación sexual ambos quedarán impuros hasta la tarde (Lev 15.18). La mujer que está menstruando estará impura por siete días (Lev 15.19) y quien la toque –sea su esposo o hijos–, quedará igualmente impuro. Asimismo, sentarse en una silla, recostarse sobre su lecho, tocar sus vestidos o cualquier objeto que ella haya usado eran causa de impureza (Lev 15.20-24). Y si el flujo de sangre no se quitaba, permanecería impura mientras durase ese proceso (Lev 15.25). De ahí que entendamos la miseria espiritual en la que viviría aquella mujer que padeció flujos de sangre durante doce años y que Jesús sanó (Mt 9.20-22). Cuando una mujer concebía un hijo varón quedaba impura siete días y luego del parto durante treinta y tres días, pero si era una niña, estaba impura dos semanas y luego del parto sesenta y seis días al cabo de los cuales debía presentarse ante un sacerdote con un sacrificio (Lev 12.2-6).
En tercer lugar, está la contaminación que proviene del mundo pagano. A ellos, según el tratado Aboda Zara de la Misná, no se les puede siquiera vender piñas, higos, incienso, un gallo blanco, ni osos, ni leones, ni nada que pueda ocasionar daño a la gente. No se les puede alquilar casas dentro del territorio de Israel, ni prestarles ayuda en el parto de una mujer gentil, porque se estaría ayudando a nacer a un hijo para la idolatría. No le está permitido a un judío entrar en casa de un pagano ni menos sentarse a su mesa para comer. De ahí lo escandaloso que debió parecer el que Jesús se relacionase con gentiles y les concediera la gracia de sus milagros (Mt 8.8; 15.26).
En cuarto lugar, está lo referente al descanso sabático. No se trata de la simple prohibición de realizar trabajos en ese día (Mt 12.2), sino que incluye el no andar más de lo necesario (Mc 2.24). Y esto afectaba a las maquinarias de labor habitual como los molinos e incluso a los animales, que no debían moverse sin algunas restricciones (Mt 12.11). Si a un asno no le había sido colocada la manta sobre el lomo antes del sábado ya no podría hacerse. La casuística judía había reglamentado casi cualquier actividad de la vida diaria expresándola en 365 preceptos negativos y 248 preceptos positivos.
En quinto lugar, estaban las prescripciones dietéticas judías que trataremos en el próximo artículo, por lo complejas y variadas. Para poder reintegrarse a la comunidad cultual era preciso someterse a los ritos de purificación que establecía cada caso (Lev 12-15). Y participar cada año en el gran Día de la Expiación (Lev 16), en el que se enviaba al desierto a morir de hambre al “chivo expiatorio” que cargaba con todas las impurezas y pecados del pueblo. Estas prácticas que servían para mantener vivo en Israel el sentido de la santidad, muchas veces encerraban principios elementales de higiene que todavía hoy son el fundamento de la salud en cualquier sociedad. Ω
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