“Mantuve así el título original Quevedo
en su centenario para dejar constancia
de esta versión distinta que cada centuria
entrega de un poeta, como prueba mayor
del fuego que así las resiste. Pasado
ya demasiado tiempo
de estas eventualidades,
no me ha quedado sino llamarlo
sencillamente Quevedo, a sabiendas
de que no puede pretender abarcar
al que, por ventura, permanecerá
siempre inabarcable”.
Fina García Marruz
Recomendaba el crítico literario Francisco de Sanctis que la mejor manera de entender y escribir sobre un profesional de las letras es colocarse en su situación, o sea, juzgarlo desde adentro. A propósito, cuando Fina García Marruz se refiere a la llegada y recorrido de José Martí por otros autores dice: “no escribe ‘de’ ellos, sino ‘desde’ ellos”. Esa semejanza crítica advertida por ella al reparar en las recurrencias martianas, permite que consideremos más que métodos y procedimientos, conciencia de estilo; en efecto, conciencia de estilo donde la avidez relacionante negocia con el mimetismo declarado.
Mas, ¿no representa un conflicto el trato que de una parte exige subordinación y de otra libertad? La escritura desde adentro tienta para el entrenamiento, pero suma un efecto preocupante: las conquistas particulares pueden perderse, sin necesidad, en los dominios ajenos. De quien se habla no necesita que le sumen más méritos, únicamente mediación de una lectura que conduce a otra y algo más: la intervención, con todo el permiso del mundo de lo escritural, de un autor a una biografía, de una obra a un ensayo… Llamémosle mejor generosidad, pero antes cortesía intelectual por ser constancia razonada y vehemente el que un escritor/lector vuelva más de una vez sobre los libros de otro.
¿Qué ha hecho Fina García Marruz no “desde” Francisco de Quevedo (1580-1645), sino “con” uno de los más prolíficos autores hispanoamericanos antes y des-pués del Siglo de Oro? Volver siempre sobre el madrileño para entender no tanto su españolidad o españolismo y su época, sino al hombre complejo junto al autor diverso, ese que amén de escribir sobre pares antagónicos sin ningún remilgo de amargura (todo lo contrario), examinó la humanidad de ayer, de su tiempo y del futuro con la visión de conjunto del antropólogo social o cultural. Sin embargo, en “Los sonetos del Amor y de la Muerte de Quevedo” Fina es categórica.
“No encontramos nunca en Quevedo el sentimiento del pasado o el futuro puros, ni del presente sin mancha: todo en él se ve en tránsito, todo mordido, y roído, pero también traspasado por la flecha del Niño-Amor que da en el punto del corazón, del Ser a quien llamó –para contraponerlo a su ‘polvo enamorado’– ‘Todo enamorado’. Y ese punto que apenas ‘presume’ que romperá el cerco de las Horas ¿qué busca en ellas, para saciarlas y saciarse –que el Amor es cosa de dos– y cuál es el cruce de lo que está ‘más allá’ y la incesante trascendencia del tiempo? Si la vida no le responde ¿podrá respondérselo ‘la postrera sombra’, que parará el devenir incesante, podrá respondérselo la muerte?”.1
¿Cuánto leyó Quevedo? ¿En qué consiste su afluente? ¿Qué hace de él un clásico? ¿Qué tan enemigo fue de Góngora? ¿Cuáles fueron los criterios de Martí sobre el autor de Sueños y discursos, La vida del Buscón, La cuna y la sepultura…? ¿Era tan mala persona como confesara hace ya algunos años Juan Goytisolo?
El libro de Quevedo (Ediciones Huso, 2016), de Fina García Marruz, no puede separar al hombre del escritor como si la obra, ingrata, buscara sola trascender. Acercándonoslo, la autora reconoce la vastedad sublime e inabarcable del español. Para los que se quedan con lo peor de la persona y quieren conocerla a través de leyendas o chismes epocales, la Premio Nacional de Literatura, en el apartado “Quevedo y las letras de su tiempo” recuerda: “Hay el lector-mosca, que solo se posa en heces y detritus, y el lector-abeja, que gusta de ir a la miel, porque solo ve en ella esencia. Dejemos inventivas y ‘premáticas’, ‘sonetos confusiones’, para adentrarnos en las zonas más altas de su poesía, las de los poemas que dedicó al tiempo, el amor y la muerte”.2 ¿Llega con la especialización del hombre y la obra mediante la prolongación quevedesca? Ni con lo uno, ni por medio de lo otro. La lectora Fina, poeta ya celebrada en predios nacionales y foráneos, es una de nuestras más notorias y a un tiempo encubiertas ensayistas.
Además de los libros centrados en el orbe martiano y en el de Juana Borrero por ejemplo, así como en publicaciones y otras figuras de los siglos coloniales cubanos, García Marruz es la autora de Darío, Martí y lo germinal americano, Juana Borrero y otros ensayos y de Hablar de la poesía, libro medular, por cuanto organizó en su momento el credo estético de una autora que, apoyándose en el martiano consejo de “Conocer diversas literaturas es el medio mejor de libertarse de la tiranía de algunas de ellas”, recomienda superar las fronteras nacionales si de lecturas y asociaciones se trata.
Con la primera edición de Quevedo en México (Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2003) y ahora en España por la Editorial Huso, asoma una petición a consecuencia del desconocimiento. ¿Cuándo accederemos a la edición cubana de una obra que le indujo registrar al influyente crítico literario Adolfo Castañón como “de las más ambiciosas y significativas entre las producidas por el ensayo crítico hispano-americano a fines del siglo xx”? Pregunta que estimula otra: ¿Habrá más textos inéditos en la papelería de la única superviviente del grupo Orígenes? Tal vez, pero ello no es necesario para reputar su prosa ensayística ya publicada. Con Quevedo se reafirma Fina García Marruz como nuestra más importante ensayista cubana viva. Prosa poética la suya, deudora de la crítica como arte martiana y discípula por temática y lenguaje de su admirada María Zambrano. Léase si no de la filósofa española su conferencia “Quevedo y la conciencia en España”, una de las cinco publicadas en Cuadernos de la Universidad del Aire del Circuito CMQ.
Más que conceptismo en lo formal, lo de Quevedo es réplica vigente por su terquedad de mirón. Vigiló el mundo humano para reprenderlo no para guiarlo. Nada más alejado de quien, sobre todo, intentó y logró avivar equivalente o mayores improperios que cuanto expresara por escrito o cara a cara. No era un cobarde. Su espada, que no nombró por estar él nombrando otros asuntos, fue tan conocida como sus singulares espejuelos. Cojo y miope, se refugió en la escritura. Se dice que viajaba con cerca de cien libros y, aun así, buscaba el instante para la creación. “Desde que rompe a escribir Quevedo lo vemos menos empeñado que en embellecer al mundo, como siempre han querido los poetas, en reflejarlo en toda su deformidad, y aún aumentársela”.3
Historia y biografía, relato y examen fragmentan la producción literaria quevedesca. Con estas ocho propuestas de lecturas/escrituras, ella seduce al más –y al menos– conocedor de Quevedo. Fina García Marruz comparte lo que se inició como diálogo e insiste serlo: diálogo con el autor y con la obra, diálogo con el lector y, a cada paso, con ella misma. Ω
Notas
1 Fina García Marruz: Quevedo, Madrid, Ediciones Huso en colaboración con La isla infinita, 2017, p. 145.
2 Ibídem, p. 62.
3 Ibídem, p. 19.
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