“Me atrevo siempre, aunque lo hago con respeto. No soy una iconoclasta gratuita”.
Nélida Piñón
Escritora, editora y periodista brasileña de amplia y reconocida trayectoria (Premio Internacional Menéndez y Pelayo, Premio Príncipe de Asturias de las Letras, Premio Women Together…), Nélida Piñon (Río de Janeiro, 3 de mayo de 1937) ha sido definida como una autora que transita por la historia sin olvidarse de sus memorias ni de las ajenas, las cuales figuran en su creación literaria. Amparadora desconfiada de las utopías, segura de las probabilidades existenciales del ser humano por los universos fantásticos y oníricos, siempre imaginativos, es también la novelista de La república de los sueños y La dulce canción de Cayetana, la forjadora de El calor de las cosas y otros cuentos o la ensayista de Libros de horas y La épica del corazón. Su obra abarca más de veinte volúmenes entre la narrativa y el ensayo.
Cuando el filólogo y escritor español Antonio Jiménez Barca la entrevistó para el suplemento literario Babelia, de El País, y le acotó: “Pero el compromiso, sobre todo, es con la literatura: usted misma ha asegurado que no piensa nunca en el lector cuando escribe”,1 ella no demoró en declararle:
“¿En quién voy a pensar? ¿En un profesor de Harvard? ¿De Salamanca? ¿Y dónde se quedan los brasileños? A mí me gusta pensar en un indio del Amazonas, que me pueda leer dentro de cuarenta años. Me gustaría pensar que el pobre de hoy, el que no tiene acceso a nada, descubra dentro de unos años a una brasileñita que amaba Brasil y la literatura. No sé cuál es el destino de lo que escribo”.2
La también miembro de la Academia Brasileña de la Lengua ha sido galardonada en Cuba, pues Casa de las Américas la reconoció en el apartado de ensayo artístico-literario con el libro Aprendiz de Homero (2010), título hermoso que tributa no solo a un clásico, sino al historiador de hechos pasados, el llamado rapsoda, quien iba de pueblo en pueblo a contar leyendas y mitos liados con la historia, con los hechos heroicos de protagonistas epónimos, aquellos que nombraban una ciudad y rememoraban caminos suburbanos y rurales –preferidos estos últimos por la brasileña– y así los inmortalizaban para el porvenir.
Aprendiz de Homero es uno de los libros ensayísticos más personales y generosos de Piñon, pues encontramos criterios acerca de los autores y temas más variados, amén de que vuelve sobre los tópicos constantes de su obra: la familia, la memoria, la felicidad, la amistad, la mujer, la escritura, el viaje… A propósito del viaje, antes de la escritura de Aprendiz de Homero, la hija de gallegos emigrantes había expuesto:
“Por mucho que se camine, nunca se vuelve a donde estuvimos, y eso es lo bello. Es un concepto presocrático: estamos siempre viajando. Yo me veo siempre distinta, pero a la vez con fundamentos reconocibles, porque si no la existencia sería una locura. Cada día uno se agrega una capa nueva a sí mismo. Cada día se forjan ingredientes distintos, de manera que uno tiene siempre algo nuevo para ofrecer a quien ya te conoce”.3
Con la libertad genérica y temática que la caracteriza, parte de lo regional y lo proyecta a escala planetaria y viceversa. Para ella, lo importante no radica en clasificar temas o asuntos en occidentales u orientales, españoles, mexicanos o cariocas, sino en relacionarlos con paisajes culturales y naturales distintos. De Brasil repara en lo más autóctono: cartografías, folklore, la gente en su innegable riqueza y complejidad para, a través del ensayo, homenajear a personalidades, sus aventuras intelectuales u otras experiencias valiosas.
Aprendiz de Homero se nos presenta, además, como un libro de viajes. Ello rememora, entre otros, a los cronistas de Indias, quienes favorecieron una escritura de paisajes que deviene, aún hoy para los lectores, paisajes escriturales. Es libro de viaje y balance histórico de acontecimientos sobre la humanidad. Un buen ejemplo de estas metas convocadas puede hallarse en el texto “El esplendor ibérico”, de donde vale recordar:
“Como hijos de todas las navegaciones, de los viajes europeos, africanos y orientales, somos errantes, traicioneros, compulsivos, sufrimos el peso de la conquista y de la ruina. Señores y esclavos que se lanzaron a las tierras ignotas, al mare nostrum americano, hemos llegado al futuro, que somos nosotros. A la modernidad, que, uncida a la antigüedad, nos impone la llave y el enigma del conocimiento. Como consecuencia, nos transformamos en los aedas homéricos, en los chamanes africanos, en amautas autóctonos. Y, por fuerza de la cultura y de las señas de identidad oriundas de un panteón común, en el cual se inscribe el nombre de América, mencionamos con desenvoltura los nombres de Sócrates, de Ovidio, de Virgilio”.4
Sus panoramas cruzados entre un personaje literario de la fuerza simbólica del Quijote con lo femenil en “Dulcinea, la agonía de lo femenino” y “El afortunado Sancho”, por ejemplo, representan una prosa alejada sensatamente de distinciones genéricas: escritura femenina o masculina, a las cuales Nélida Piñon, la defensora de los derechos de la mujer, no quiere ceñirse.
Si me preguntaran cuál es mi ensayo preferido de este libro, pudiera referirme al que le da nombre a la obra, aunque prefiero inclinarme por “La sonrisa de Sara”, el cual es de una sutileza sin par. En este se lee:
“Abraham, sin embargo, a quien Dios había prometido pródiga descendencia, tenía a Sara a su lado, como su sombra e implacable observadora. Ella es la memoria de la otra cara de Dios. Y pese a que, en la práctica, no está autorizado dirigirse al Señor, y condenada, pues, al silencio histórico, Sara se convierte en un testigo voluntarioso y participativo en las continuas peregrinaciones emprendidas por Abraham, su marido, de Ur, de Caldea, hasta Cannán, siempre obedeciendo a la voluntad y a los caprichos de Dios”.5
En “La gesta de la palabra”, que es su discurso de ingreso en la Academia Brasileña de Filosofía, pronunciado el 17 de agosto de 2006, apreciamos a Nélida Piñon a la altura de escritoras singulares como la mexicana sor Juana Inés de la Cruz y la española María Zambrano. Prosa confesional6 y, por tanto, reveladora, que no desmerece sin embargo, la mejor construcción de un discurso francamente decodificado y decodificador donde la palabra directa y auténtica seduce: “La palabra puede ser un humo precioso que anuncia una instancia amorosa”. Cuando Nélida Piñon pudiera revelarse desde un lenguaje muy coloquial y cercano a los lugares comunes del decir popular, alcanza con este texto una belleza única en favor del lector múltiple, ese que se exige toda clase de expectativas porque se sabe más de uno. Mas no se vale aludir a un texto así, si no se cita a tiempo. El fragmento reclama oportunidad.
“Como escritora, me nutro de la fantasía de mi tiempo y diariamente regreso a su suelo. En el curso de esta travesía, me inmolo al servicio del advenimiento de la fabulación. Así, si escribo con modestia, invento con exaltación, respondiendo el estado ígneo por la fiebre que necesito. En cualquier circunstancia me ayudo con la palabra, en vísperas de ser lenguaje. Nada soy sin ella. Su prestigio redimensiona lo que juzgo ser la realidad. Mi aprehensión del mundo se expresa según sus favores. Y a pesar de que el verbo suscriba intenciones, sobresaltos, musicalidad, igualmente fomenta el desorden con que se cumple, por otra parte, la ruta de la invención. Pues en el trato con la lengua soy escatológica, refinada y grosera. En los intersticios de la materia humana, en especial en las franjas del amor, celebro la alborada contemporánea, evoco el crepúsculo que otrora sumergió a Anquises y a Eneas en la penumbra del Hades, segura de que en breve seguiré al padre y al hijo. Pero al saludar, conmovida, a los que me precedieron en el idioma, llevo hacia el sueño la fonética de lo cotidiano”.7
¿Acaso convendría preguntarse por qué un libro como Aprendiz de Homero pudiera resultar de interés para el lector cubano? Las preguntas pueden ser estimulantes porque están condicionadas por la duda, aunque de antemano, el interés del curioso ya fuera conquistado tal vez por las confesiones antedichas de la autora. Más allá del Brasil urbano y rural, construido e imaginado, Nélida Piñon, heredera innegable de Homero por su amor a las historias y las leyendas, se erige como ensayista espléndida en ese afán de comunicar la memoria de culturas plurales ya familiares. La prosa de Aprendiz de Homero aúna lo antaño y hogaño en esa tarea del creador de mundos conocidos y por conocer, ese –como diría Coleridge– capaz de compartir “sus emociones por el hecho de que nos da la oportunidad de expresar las nuestras”. Ω
Notas
1 Nélida Piñon: “La familia es lo único que mata”, en Babelia, suplemento literario de El País, entrevista realizada por Antonio Jiménez Barca el 25 de septiembre de 2015. Consultado en https://elpais.com/cultura/2015/09/21/babelia/1442845704_980841.html.
2 Ibídem.
3 Nélida Piñon: “Solo contando historias nos damos cuenta de quiénes somos” (entrevista realizada por Ana Solanes), en Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos núm. 682, abril de 2007, Madrid, p. 140.
4 Nélida Piñon: Aprendiz de Homero, La Habana, Fondo Editorial Casa de las Américas, 2010, p. 82.
5 Ibídem, p. 51.
6 He sugerido lo que es otro de los rasgos escriturales de la prosa de la autora. Luego accedo a “Nélida Piñon y la memoria del cuerpo”, texto de Marifé Santiago Bolaños publicado en Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos núm. 682, abril de 2007, Madrid, pp. 123-129, donde encuentro un común acuerdo: “Es la palabra de Nélida Piñon una palabra de su propia corporeidad, cuya infinita contingencia propicia el crecimiento de la grandeza cotidiana hasta hacerla volar, como es, desde su punto de vista, el esfuerzo contante de este ángel caído que es el escritor”. (p. 124). Asimismo, sin yo esperarlo, Santiago Bolaños establece nexos interesantes entre la Piñon y la Zambrano.
7 Ibídem, p. 177.
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